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Line 43: ==Italy== ===Central Italy=== [[File:Easter cheese cake.JPG\|thumb\|alt=Pizza Pasquale\|Umbrian Pizza di Pasqua]] The ''[[wikipedia:pizza di Pasqua\|pizza di Pasqua]]'' ("Easter Pizza" in English) is a [[wikipedia:leaven\|leaven]]ed savory cake typical of some areas [[wikipedia:central Italy\|central Italy]], based on [[wikipedia:wheat flour\|wheat flour]], eggs, [[wikipedia:pecorino\|pecorino]] and [[wikipedia:parmesan\|parmesan]], traditionally served at breakfast on [[wikipedia:Easter\|Easter]] morning, or as an appetizer during Easter lunch, accompanied by blessed [[wikipedia:boiled egg\|boiled egg]]s, [[wikipedia:ciauscolo\|ciauscolo]] and red wine <ref name= AIFB>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.aifb.it/cucina-delle-feste/la-cucina-delle-feste-la-crescia-di-formaggio-storia-e-ricette/\|publisher=AIFB - Associazione italiana food blogger\|title= La cucina delle feste: la crescia di formaggio\|access-date=9 May 2019\|language=it}}</ref> or, again, served at the [[wikipedia:Easter Monday\|Easter Monday]] picnic. Having the same shape as [[wikipedia:panettone\|panettone]], the pizza di pasqua with cheese is a typical product of the [[wikipedia:Marche\|Marche]] region, but also [[wikipedia:Umbria\|Umbria]]n (where, as a traditional food product, it obtained the [[wikipedia:Prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale\|P.A.T.]] recognition). There is also a sweet variant, with [[wikipedia:candied fruit\|candied fruit]]s or without, sugar and a ''fiocca'', that is a [[wikipedia:meringue\|meringue]] [[wikipedia:Glaze (cooking technique)\|glaze]] with sugar beads.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.assisinews.it/ricette/torta-di-pasqua-dolce-pizza-umbra/\|title=Torta di Pasqua dolce: la ricetta tipica della ‘pizza’ della colazione pasquale umbra\|date=14 April 2019\|publisher=assisi news\|access-date=8 May 2019\|language=it}}</ref> According to [[wikipedia:religious tradition\|religious tradition]], the pizza di pasqua should be prepared on [[wikipedia:Maundy Thursday\|Maundy Thursday]] or [[wikipedia:Good Friday\|Good Friday]] to be eaten only at Easter, that is, at the end of the period of fasting and abstinence dictated by [[wikipedia:lent\|lent]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://destinazionefano.it/a-fano-pasqua-la-pizza-formaggio/\|title=A Fano non é Pasqua senza la pizza al formaggio!\|publisher=DestinationeFano\|access-date=8 May 2019\|language=it}}</ref> Once ready, then, it was customary to bring the pizza di pasqua to the church, so that it would be blessed together with the other foods to be consumed on Easter day.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://ildatterino.com/2018/03/31/il-datterino-di-artusi-pizza-di-pasqua-crescia-al-formaggio/\|title=Pizza di Pasqua (Crescia al formaggio)\|publisher=Il Datterino di Artusi\|access-date=8 May 2019\|language=it}}</ref> ===Sardinia=== In [[wikipedia:Sardinia\|Sardinia, Italy]], bread is a part of a wide social context. It is the most important food in Sardinia, as well as all over Italy and the [[wikipedia:Mediterranean\|Mediterranean]]. "Bread is a nexus of economic, political, aesthetic, social, symbolic, and health concerns".<ref name=Counihan99>Counihan, Carole. The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power. New York: Routledge, 1999</ref>{{rp\|29}} Bread is symbolic for life. A peasant proverb mentions, "Chie hat pane mai non morit — one who has bread never dies".<ref name=Counihan99/>{{rp\|29}} The Easter holiday is one where bread brings itself into the symbolic realm. Bread is significant for religious purposes. Luisa Fois described bread in her life after she was married and for the Easter holiday. The bread was made into a cross to represent the crucifixion of [[wikipedia:Jesus Christ\|Jesus Christ]]. Since they were married, they needed to eat it together. They would share their lives now, and they must share their "cross" together (their life's burden) as well. "Bread was a product of their union, and its shared consumption reaffirmed their interdependence".<ref name=Counihan99/>{{rp\|30}} From this we gather that bread also displays a message, rather than being an item purely for consumption and nutritional purposes. Two kinds of Easter bread are described in Counihans article. One contained two points, and an egg covered with a cross. "The egg and the points that recall birds in flight speak of fertility, sexuality, and procreation — basic themes in Easter and its pagan precursors".<ref name=Counihan99/>{{rp\|41}} The second bread was designed to have no overall shape, but was rather baked to encircle an egg, with the initials ''BP'' put on it. The initials ''BP'' stand for ''buona Pasqua'' or "happy Easter". "Letters rather than forms express meaning. Letters are symbolic of civilization and ... meaning".<ref name=Counihan99/>{{rp\|41}} The Easter breads usually have an egg / eggs and / or a cross. [[Easter egg\|Eggs]] are associated with Easter because in their roundedness they have no beginning and no end, symbolizing Jesus who is the Alpha and the Omega. Also, a chick breaking its way out of an eggshell upon hatching symbolizes Jesus rising from the tomb to new life. The second bread was designed to have no overall shape, but was rather baked to encircle an egg, with the initials ''BP'' put on it. The initials ''BP'' stand for ''buona Pasqua'' or "happy Easter". "Letters rather than forms express meaning. Letters are symbolic of civilization and ... meaning".<ref name=Counihan99/>{{rp\|41}} == Types ==