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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Difference between revisions

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== Religious views ==
== Religious views ==
Tchaikovsky expresses his religious perspective in a letter to Nadezhda von Meck on 23 November/5 December 1877:
Tchaikovsky expresses his views on religion and christianity in his letters and in his personal diary.
 
Touching on the question of eternal life, he writes in a letter to ''Nadezhda von Meck'' in 1877:


{{Quote|text=However, conviction is one thing, and instinct and feeling another. Whilst I deny an eternal afterlife, it is with indignation that I reject at the same time the monstrous thought that I shall never see again some loved ones who are now dead. In spite of the triumphant force of my convictions, I shall never reconcile myself to the thought that my mother, whom I so loved and who was such a wonderful person, has disappeared forever and that I will never be able to tell her that even after twenty-three years of separation I still love her the same|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky|source=http://www.tchaikovsky-research.net/en/people/index.html}}
{{Quote|text=However, conviction is one thing, and instinct and feeling another. Whilst I deny an eternal afterlife, it is with indignation that I reject at the same time the monstrous thought that I shall never see again some loved ones who are now dead. In spite of the triumphant force of my convictions, I shall never reconcile myself to the thought that my mother, whom I so loved and who was such a wonderful person, has disappeared forever and that I will never be able to tell her that even after twenty-three years of separation I still love her the same|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky|source=http://www.tchaikovsky-research.net/en/people/index.html}}


A letter to Mrs von Meck on 16/28 February–17 February/1 March 1879, in which he tells her of his impressions of reading the scene in The Brothers Karamazov where Father Zosima has to comfort a woman who has lost all her children, shows that this was a question which Tchaikovsky often thought about:
In another letter to Mrs von Meck in 1879, he recounts his impressions of reading the scene in [[W:The Brothers Karamazov]] where Father Zosima has to comfort a woman who has lost all her children. The question of the afterlife thus seems to be one which he thought about often:


{{Quote|text=Yes, my friend! It is better to have to die oneself every day for a thousand years than to lose those whom one loves and to seek consolation in the hypothetical idea that we shall meet again in the other world! Will we meet again? Happy are those who manage not to have doubts about this|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky|source=http://www.tchaikovsky-research.net/en/people/index.html}}
{{Quote|text=Yes, my friend! It is better to have to die oneself every day for a thousand years than to lose those whom one loves and to seek consolation in the hypothetical idea that we shall meet again in the other world! Will we meet again? Happy are those who manage not to have doubts about this|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky|source=http://www.tchaikovsky-research.net/en/people/index.html}}


On the subject of Tchaikovsky’s views on religion, it is very instructive to turn to his ''special diary''. On 22 February/6 March 1886, he noted there:
In his ''special diary'' he made a note in 1886 about his relationship with the Sacred Scriptures:


{{Quote|text=What an infinitely deep abyss between the Old and the New Testament! Am reading the Psalms of David and do not understand why, first, they are placed so high artistically and, second, in what way they could have anything in common with the Gospel. David is entirely worldly. The whole human race he divides into two unequal parts: in one, the godless (here belongs the vast majority), in the other, the godly and at their head he places himself. Upon the godless, he invokes in each psalm divine punishment, upon the godly, reward; but both punishment and reward are earthly. The sinners will be annihilated; the godly will reap the benefits of all the blessings of earthly life. How unlike Christ who prayed for his enemies and to his fellow man promised not earthly blessings but the Kingdom of Heaven. What eternal poetry and, touching to tears, what feeling of love and pity toward mankind in the words: “Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy laden.” All the Psalms of David are nothing in comparison with these simple words.|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky<ref name="Lakond">Wladimir Lakond, ''The Diaries of Tchaikovsky'' (1945), p. 244</ref>}}
{{Quote|text=What an infinitely deep abyss between the Old and the New Testament! Am reading the Psalms of David and do not understand why, first, they are placed so high artistically and, second, in what way they could have anything in common with the Gospel. David is entirely worldly. The whole human race he divides into two unequal parts: in one, the godless (here belongs the vast majority), in the other, the godly and at their head he places himself. Upon the godless, he invokes in each psalm divine punishment, upon the godly, reward; but both punishment and reward are earthly. The sinners will be annihilated; the godly will reap the benefits of all the blessings of earthly life. How unlike Christ who prayed for his enemies and to his fellow man promised not earthly blessings but the Kingdom of Heaven. What eternal poetry and, touching to tears, what feeling of love and pity toward mankind in the words: “Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy laden.” All the Psalms of David are nothing in comparison with these simple words.|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky<ref name="Lakond">Wladimir Lakond, ''The Diaries of Tchaikovsky'' (1945), p. 244</ref>}}


This contrast between the Old and New Testament and his admiration for the figure of Christ, and, in particular, for Christ’s exhortation: “Come unto me all ye that labour and are heavy laden” ({{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Matthew 11:28}}) — the underlying idea of which he once tried to set into music — are themes he often returned to in those years. Another interesting diary entry is that which he made in Maydanovo on 21 September/3 October 1887, on the same day that his old friend Nikolay Kondratyev died after a long illness in Aachen (where Tchaikovsky had visited him that summer):
This contrast between the Old and New Testament and his admiration for the figure of Christ, and, in particular, for Christ’s exhortation: “Come unto me all ye that labour and are heavy laden” ({{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Matthew 11:28}}) — the underlying idea of which he once tried to set into music — are themes he often returned to in those years. Another interesting diary entry is that which he made in [[W:Maydanovo]] in 1887, on the same day that his old friend [[W:Nikolay Kondratyev]] died after a long illness in Aachen (where Tchaikovsky had visited him that summer):


'''Yelena Dyachkova''', Ph.D. in History of Arts and Assistant professor at the P.I. Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, wrote an interesting essay entitled “Tchaikovsky and the Bible”. Her thesis begins by stating:
'''Yelena Dyachkova''', Ph.D. in History of Arts and Assistant professor at the P.I. Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, wrote an interesting essay entitled '''“Tchaikovsky and the Bible”'''. Her thesis begins by stating:


{{quote|text=Biblical mythology as a possible programme for a musical work never attracted Tchaikovsky's interest. Epistolary heritage also does not give the reason to suppose that the Bible was the composer's favourite book. Nevertheless, these superficially obvious facts do not settle the question about Tchaikovsky and the Bible. The Bible, together with ancient mythology, forms one of the basic conceptual paradigms of European culture. Its major semantic and psychological constants, such as the linear perception of time as a stream flowing from its source (the Creation) towards the end (the Judgement Day), the fear of Death, the responsibility for deeds (ethical principles), and finally, treating anguish and torments of the indi- vidual as a spiritual feat, are characteristics of practically all the works belonging to the European literature tradition. In particular, these constants may be perceived as peculiar cultural and artistic archetypes in Tchaikovsky's work.|author=Yelena Dyachkova|source=Tchaikovsky and the Bible}}
{{quote|text=Biblical mythology as a possible programme for a musical work never attracted Tchaikovsky's interest. Epistolary heritage also does not give the reason to suppose that the Bible was the composer's favourite book. Nevertheless, these superficially obvious facts do not settle the question about Tchaikovsky and the Bible. The Bible, together with ancient mythology, forms one of the basic conceptual paradigms of European culture. Its major semantic and psychological constants, such as the linear perception of time as a stream flowing from its source (the Creation) towards the end (the Judgement Day), the fear of Death, the responsibility for deeds (ethical principles), and finally, treating anguish and torments of the indi- vidual as a spiritual feat, are characteristics of practically all the works belonging to the European literature tradition. In particular, these constants may be perceived as peculiar cultural and artistic archetypes in Tchaikovsky's work.|author=Yelena Dyachkova|source=Tchaikovsky and the Bible}}


It was in the decade 1877 and 1887 that Tchaikovsky created most of his spirtual works. This also happened to be a time in which his close friendship with Nikolaj Kondrat'ev and family was under some stress, and they did not visit each other very much. During this time Tchaikovsky thought about existential questions, up to creating his own creed. In 1877 the composer writes:
It was in the decade between 1877 and 1887 that Tchaikovsky created most of his spiritual works. This also happened to be a time in which his close friendship with Nikolaj Kondrat'ev and family was under some stress, and they did not visit each other very much. During this time Tchaikovsky thought about existential questions, up to creating his own creed. In 1877 the composer writes:


{{quote|text=I have forgotten that there are plenty of people who managed to create for themselves an harmonic set of ideas that replaced religion for them. It remains for me only to envy those people. It seems to me that all my life I am doomed to doubt and to look for a way out of contradictions|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky|source=Pëtr Il'ic Cajkovskij, ''Perepiska s N. F. fon-Mekk'', vol. 1, p. 111 (letter from  Venice, December 5-17, 1877)}}
{{quote|text=I have forgotten that there are plenty of people who managed to create for themselves an harmonic set of ideas that replaced religion for them. It remains for me only to envy those people. It seems to me that all my life I am doomed to doubt and to look for a way out of contradictions|author=Pyotr Tchaikovsky|source=Pëtr Il'ic Cajkovskij, ''Perepiska s N. F. fon-Mekk'', vol. 1, p. 111 (letter from  Venice, December 5-17, 1877)}}
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{{quote|text=It gave him strong emotional experience. ''"My attitude to church completely differs from yours,"'' Tchaikovsky wrote to Nadežda von Meck. ''"For me it still keeps plenty of poetic charm. I attend mass very often; in my opinion, the Liturgy of John Chrysostom is one of the greatest  artistic works. Being attentive at our Orthodox service and going carefully into the sense of every ceremony, you are certainly touched by the spirit. I also love all night vigil. To go on Saturday to an old small church, to stand in twilight filled with incense smoke, to dip into yourself and to search inside yourself for the answer to eternal questions: what for, when, where to, why?, awaking from  muse when the choir begins to sing "From my youth many passions possess me", and to give yourself up to the influence of the fascinating poetry of this psalm, to be filled with some quiet admiration, when holy doors open and it is heard "Praise God from Heaven!", - oh, I like all that enormously, it is one of my greatest delights!"''<ref>Pëtr Il'ic Cajkovskij, ''Perepiska s N. F. fon-Mekk'', vol. 1, p. 91 (letter from Vienna, November 23 - December 5, 1877)</ref> In another letter the composer writes: ''"This week I have attended many church services and experienced great artistic delight. The Orthodox service acts upon the soul amazingly, if it is arranged, for example, like here in the Church of the Saviour!"''<ref>Pëtr Il'ic Cajkovskij, ''Perepiska s N. F. fon-Mekk'', vol. 3, p. 270 (letter from the way from Moscow to Kamenka, April 7, 1884)</ref>|author=Yelena Dyachkova|source=Tchaikovsky and the Bible}}
{{quote|text=It gave him strong emotional experience. ''"My attitude to church completely differs from yours,"'' Tchaikovsky wrote to Nadežda von Meck. ''"For me it still keeps plenty of poetic charm. I attend mass very often; in my opinion, the Liturgy of John Chrysostom is one of the greatest  artistic works. Being attentive at our Orthodox service and going carefully into the sense of every ceremony, you are certainly touched by the spirit. I also love all night vigil. To go on Saturday to an old small church, to stand in twilight filled with incense smoke, to dip into yourself and to search inside yourself for the answer to eternal questions: what for, when, where to, why?, awaking from  muse when the choir begins to sing "From my youth many passions possess me", and to give yourself up to the influence of the fascinating poetry of this psalm, to be filled with some quiet admiration, when holy doors open and it is heard "Praise God from Heaven!", - oh, I like all that enormously, it is one of my greatest delights!"''<ref>Pëtr Il'ic Cajkovskij, ''Perepiska s N. F. fon-Mekk'', vol. 1, p. 91 (letter from Vienna, November 23 - December 5, 1877)</ref> In another letter the composer writes: ''"This week I have attended many church services and experienced great artistic delight. The Orthodox service acts upon the soul amazingly, if it is arranged, for example, like here in the Church of the Saviour!"''<ref>Pëtr Il'ic Cajkovskij, ''Perepiska s N. F. fon-Mekk'', vol. 3, p. 270 (letter from the way from Moscow to Kamenka, April 7, 1884)</ref>|author=Yelena Dyachkova|source=Tchaikovsky and the Bible}}
{{Listen
| filename      = Tchaikovsky, Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor Op.23, I. Allegro.ogg
| title        = Piano Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor Op.23 – I. Allegro
| description = ''Allegro non-troppo e molto maestoso – Allegro con spirito'' from Tchaikovsky's [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)|First Piano Concerto]]}}


==Music==
==Music==