Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Tchaikovsky by Reutlinger.jpg|thumb|212px|{{center|Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, {{c.|1888}}<ref group=a>Published in 1903</ref><br />[[File:Tchaikovsky's signature.jpg|150px|alt=Tchaikovsky's signature]]}}|alt=]]

'''Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky'''<ref group=a>Often anglicized as ''Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky''; also standardized by the [[wikipedia:Library of Congress|Library of Congress]]. His names are also transliterated as ''Piotr'' or ''Petr''; ''Ilitsch'' or ''Il'ich''; and ''Tschaikowski'', ''Tschaikowsky'', ''Chajkovskij'', or ''Chaikovsky''. He used to sign his name/was known as ''P. Tschaïkowsky''/''Pierre Tschaïkowsky'' in French (as in his afore-reproduced signature), and ''Peter Tschaikowsky'' in German, spellings also displayed on several of his scores' title pages in their first printed editions alongside or in place of his native name.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|lang|tʃ|aɪ|ˈ|k|ɒ|f|s|k|i}} {{Respell|chy|KOF|skee}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tchaikovsky "Tchaikovsky"]. ''[[wikipedia:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{lang-rus|Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский,<ref group=a>Петръ Ильичъ Чайковскій in Russian pre-revolutionary script.</ref>}} {{IPA-ru|pʲɵtr ɪlʲˈjitɕ tɕɪjˈkofskʲɪj|IPA|Ru-Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.ogg}}; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893<ref group=a>Russia was still using [[wikipedia:Old style and new style dates|old style dates]] in the 19th century, rendering his lifespan as 25 April 1840&nbsp;– 25 October 1893. Some sources in the article report dates as old style rather than new style.</ref>) was a [[wikipedia:Russian composer|Russian composer]] of the [[wikipedia:Romantic period|Romantic period]]. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. He was honored in 1884 by Tsar [[wikipedia:Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] and awarded a lifetime pension.

Tchaikovsky's training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood. From that reconciliation, he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style. The principles that governed melody, harmony and other fundamentals of Russian music ran completely counter to those that governed Western European music, which seemed to defeat the potential for using Russian music in large-scale Western composition or for forming a composite style, and it caused personal antipathies that dented Tchaikovsky's self-confidence. Russian culture exhibited a split personality, with its native and adopted elements having drifted apart increasingly since the time of [[wikipedia:Peter the Great|Peter the Great]]. That resulted in uncertainty among the [[wikipedia:intelligentsia|intelligentsia]] about the country's national identity, an ambiguity mirrored in Tchaikovsky's career.

== Religious views ==

== Musical compositions ==

Musical compositions by Tchaikovsky which were religiously inspired are:

==== Text ====

Tchaikovsky adapted the text from the Russian Orthodox Liturgy service. Several of the numbers are based on the text of Biblical psalms:  

* No. 10 – after {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 119}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 120}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 121}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 122}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 123}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 124}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 125}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 126}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 127}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 128}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 129}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 130}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 131}}, {{Bible quote|version=NABRE|ref=Psalm 132}}.

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbg6_I4g0dA||center|||rel=0&enablejsapi=1&origin=https://en.seminaverbi.bibleget.io}}

=== The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ===

'''''Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom''''' (Литургия святого Иоанна Златоуста), Op. 41, is a setting for unaccompanied voices of fifteen numbers from the Russian Orthodox Liturgy for unaccompanied voices, made by Tchaikovsky in 1878.

Tchaikovsky's '''''Sixteen Songs for Children''''' (Шестнадцать песен для детей), Op. 54, were written at [[tchaikovsky:Kamenka|Kamenka]] in October and November 1883, except for No. 16 which dates from around December 1880.

{{Poem quote|text=The young child Jesus had a garden

And placed it on his shining head;

And where the roses should have shone,

=== The Maid of Orleans ===

==== Libretto ====

During the summer of 1878 Tchaikovsky began to look for a subject for a new opera.

==== Movements and Duration ====

==References==

{{Reflist|20em}}

* Hosking, Geoffrey, ''Russia and the Russians: A History'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001). {{ISBN|0-674-00473-6}}.

* Jackson, Timothy L., ''Tchaikovsky, Symphony no. 6 (Pathétique)'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). {{ISBN|0-521-64676-6}}.

* {{wikicite|ref={{SfnRef|Kozinn|1992}}|reference=[[wikipedia:Allan Kozinn|Kozinn, Allan]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/arts/critic-s-notebook-defending-tchaikovsky-with-gravity-and-with-froth.html?ref=peterilyichtchaikovsky "Critic's Notebook; Defending Tchaikovsky, With Gravity and With Froth"]. In ''[[wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', 18 July 1992. Retrieved 27 February 2012.}}

* Lockspeiser, Edward, "Tchaikovsky the Man". In ''Music of Tchaikovsky'' (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1946), ed. [[wikipedia:Gerald Abraham|Abraham, Gerald]]. ISBN n/a. {{OCLC|385829}}

[[Category:Russian classical pianists]]

[[Category:Russian opera composers]]